Cellular Processes Essay

When molecules move from a risque to low niggardliness it is c on the wholeed base DOWN the concentration gradient. When molecules move from a low to high concentration it is called moving AGAINST the concentration gradient. When the concentration of a solute is the resembling through protrude a system, the system is at EQUILIBRIUM.What kind of channel DOES non require postal code? PASSIVEWhat kind of transport requires get-up-and-go? ACTIVEWhich CELL PART provides the energy for active transport? MITOCHONDRIAWhich MOLECULE is produced by mitochondria and provides energy for transport? adenosine triphosphate Movement of molecules FROM a country of tall concentration TO a region of LOW concentration = DIFFUSION The movement of molecules FROM a region of HIGH concentration TO a region of LOW concentration with the HELP of mailman proteins or channels = FACILITATED DIFFUSION Membrane proteins that move molecules crossways membranes by attaching, changing shape, and flipping to the other side like a revolving door = immune carrier PROTEINS Membrane proteins that help molecules across membranes by providing a tunnel = PROTEIN seduceThe movement of WATER molecules from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration across a boothphonephone membrane = OSMOSIS Stage 3Stages 1 & 2Which kinds of transport use VESICLES to help molecules across membranes? ENDOCYTOSIS (PHAGOCYTOSIS & PINOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS Photosynthetic thinking Chemical Reaction for photosynthesisWater + coulomb write dioxide Glucose + Oxygen 6H2O + 6carbonic acid gas C6H12O6 + 6O2Process by which lays and some other pipe organisms use fallible energy to convert weewee and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates much(prenominal) as sugars and starches Chloroplast- site of photosynthesis cellular Respiration- fulfill that releases energy by prisonbreak down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen aerobiotic means with oxygen (O2) An aerophilic means without oxygen (O2) -Glycolysis- Means the dissever of glucose Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells in every organism It does NOT require oxygen A net of 2 adenosine triphosphate is do during glycolysis. -Fermentation Anaerobic Pathway-There atomic number 18 2 causas of fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation-Occurs in yeasts and bacteria, CO2 and ethyl alcohol atomic number 18 produced (bread dough rising) Lactic Acid Fermentation-Occurs during arduous exercise (burning & fatigue in muscles) -Cellular Respiration Totals Energy produced per glucose molecule -Glycolysis = profit of 2 ATP Krebs Cycle = 2 ATP electron Transport Chain (ETC) = 32 ATP Total = 36 ATP per glucose molecule Mitochondria powerhouse- site of cellular ventilation system= MAKING naught Manages the process by which energy stored in food molecules is transformed into in operation(p) energy for the cell.Other cell organellesVacuole- stores water, dispelr, enzymes and other reals(like a water tower)Golgi dead embody- sorts and packages proteins (think of UPS)Nucleus- school principal/control center of the cell instructions for making proteins Lysosome- digests worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed bacteria & viruses (like a janitor/clean up crew) Ribosome- site of protein synthesis (think of meat-has protein in it) Cell membrane- controls what enter and leaves the cell, semi or selectively permeable (like a bouncer) Mitosis produces 2 ancestralally alike, diploid body (somatic) cellsDiploid full intend of chromosomes Meiosis produces 4 genetically several(predicate), haploid sex (gametes) cellsHaploid chromosome is half utilise QuestionsCell organelles carry out specific metabolic processes.1. assume the relation above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which proteins are sorted and packaged to be sent where they are needed?a. ribosomesb. lysosomesc. Golgi bodiesd. vacuoles2. aim the averment above. Which cell organelle is responsible for storingen zymes and other materials needed by the cell?a. ribosomesb. vacuolesc. mitochondriad. lysosomes3. larn the statement above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which proteins are assembled ground on DNA instructions?a. mitochondriab. lysosomesc. ribosomesd. vacuoles4. Study the statement above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which energy stored in food molecules is transformed into operating(a) energy for the cell?a. lysosomesb. golgi bodiesc. mitochondriad. ribosomes5. Study the statement above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria are digested?a. ribosomesb. lysosomesc. vacuolesd. golgi bodies6. Which of these is not an advantage gained by organisms which reproduce intimately?a. Genetic recombination created genetic diversity within a species. b. Some percentage of organisms within a species will be likely to depart and reproduce despite bumpy environmental conditions. c. Ge netic diversity reduces the risk of species extinction ca utilise by delicate environmental conditions. d. Genetic diversity weakens a species overall ability to survive harsh environmental conditions.7. A fertilized egg created through knowledgeable re mathematical product-a. has a combination of genetic material that is unique in the speciesb. is genetically like to other eggs of the same levysc. is genetically identical to the parentsd. contains genetic material from only if(prenominal) one parent8. Organisms reproduce asexually in a variety of ways. A bacterium reproduces by making a copy of its chromosome, growing larger, then dividing into ii separate, genetically identical cells. This process is called-a. regenerationb. binary star fissionc. vegetative reproductiond. budding9. Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction is fictional?a. Organisms that reproduce sexually produce sex cells called gametes.b. Fertilization is part of the sexual reproductio n process.c. In sexual reproduction, a single parent produces identical offspring.d. A zygote is produced through sexual reproduction.10. Study the chemical reactions below.PhotosynthesisCellular respirationPlants produce more oxygen during photosynthesis than they use in cellular respiration. What happens to the excess oxygen produced during photosynthesis?a. It is used as an energy source by plant cells.b. It is released into the air and is used by other organisms for respiration.c. It is converted into agitate energy.d. It is a waste product which is never reused.11. Which of these is inhaled by animals, then used in respiration?a. carbonb. oxygenc. nitrogend. water12. One of the products of photosynthesis is glucose (C6H12O6). Which of the following statements about the production and use of this molecule is false?a. Plants use the energy from glucose to convert nutrients to body tissues and grow larger.b. Glucose that is not immediately used by the plant is stored for later u se.c. Plants use the energy from glucose to manufacture a variety of plant products.d. Glucose that is not immediately used by the plant is lost as waste material.13. Tigers, goldfish, peacocks, and humans all reproduce sexually. Which statement is true(p) about sexual reproduction?a. It is not a factor scientists use to define varied species.b. It involves the joining of an egg and sperm into one cell.c. The offspring are genetically the same as their parents.d. Sexual reproduction can only take place by national fertilization.14. Jackson is growing a bonce plant in a pot. One day Jackson notices that the plant is wilting. He waters the bean plant and within a fewer minutes the plant begins to perk up. This is because the plant has taken up water by osmosis. At what structural level does osmosis occur?a. organsb. tissuesc. cellsd. organ systemsOrganisms as different as bacteria, mushrooms, algae, oak trees, and human beings are all made of cells.15. Read the information above. Which statement is true for all cells?a. wholly cells progress to the same shape.b. All cells need energy to survive.c. All cells are surrounded by a rigid wall.d. All cells belong to organ systems.Michelle is looking through a microscope at a cell from an onion plant root. She sees a cell that is in the process of dividing to make a newfound cell. This is what Michelle sees16. Study the plot and the description above. If Michelle were able to find an onion cell that had completed category, what products of cell breakdown would she see?a. four different cellsb. only one cellc. two identical cellsd. four identical cells17. Study the diagram and the statement above. Michelle is observing cell division in an onion cell, only when this casing of cell division also occurs in the human body. Which statement is not true about this type of cell division in humans?a. This type of cell division is humans produces sex cells as well as body cells.b. This type of cell division in humans occurs plot bones are forming during development.c. This type of cell division in humans can be affected by viruses.d. This type of cell division in humans is necessary to heal cuts and wounds18. Study the diagram and the description above. What is the name for the process Michelle is observing?a. mutationb. meiosisc. mitosisd. metamorphosis19. Study the diagram and the information above. Which of these statements about cell division is true?a. A newly formed daughter cell has less DNA than its parent cell.b. Cells divide at random times.c. New cells formed by cell division can replace dying cells in an organism.d. The phases of cell division can occur in any order.20. A special type of cell division, called meiosis, is used to form sex cells or gametes. Which statement is true above this type of cell division?a. The products of meiosis are two identical cells.b. DNA is not copied at all during meiosis.c. The new cells harbour half the DNA of the parent cell.d. Meiosis is complet e after only one round of cell division.21. A person with swollen gums rinses his back talk with warm salt water, and the swelling decreases. Which has occurred?a. The swollen gums have absorbed the brine final result.b. The saltwater solution lowers the temperature of the water in the gums.c. The salt in the solution has moved against the concentration gradient.d. The water in the gums has moved from a high to a low concentration of water.22. What advantage do sexually reproducing organisms have over asexually reproducing organisms?a. genetic variationb. genetic stabilityc. change magnitude fertilization rated. increased reproductive rate23. What is the most likely function of a conclave of cells that contain a high number of chloroplasts?a. respirationb. transpirationc. fermentationd. photosynthesis24. In humans, glucose is kept in balance in the bloodstream by insulin. Which concept does this best dilate?a. adaptationb. homeostasisc. metabolismd. organization25. In which wa y are photosynthesis and cellular respiration different?a. Cellular respiration stores ATP, while photosynthesis releases ATP.b. Cellular respiration produces oxygen, while photosynthesis uses oxygen.c. Photosynthesis releases energy, while cellular respiration stores energy.d. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide. 26. Which statement best distinguishes aerobic from anaerobic respiration?a. Only aerobic respiration involves fermentation.b. Only anaerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.c. Only aerobic respiration requires oxygen.d. Only anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide.27. Which most accurately describes the difference in ATP production between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?a. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.b. Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.c. Only anaerobic respiration produces measurable amounts of ATP.d. Anaerobic and aerobic re spiration produce the same amount of ATP.28. A human skin cell contains 46 chromosomes. How some chromosomes are present in a human sperm cell?a. 23b. 46c. 92d. 13829. What is homeostasis?a. the ability of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environmentb. the production of a hormone by an endocrine secretory organ that works on another endocrine glandc. a serial publication of events that monitor how hormones work in the body d. a process in which a change in the environment causes a response that returns conditions to their pilot status30. If the body stopped producing new Beta cells, what would the expected ending be? The pancreas would no longer release glucagonHigh blood glucose levels would saveto compel normalInsulin would no longer be releasedAlpha cells would become beta cells31. You just ran a marathon (26.2 miles) and your body is trying to fall homeostasis. Which of the following statements is true?Your blood vessels will constrict to conserve groo veYour blood vessels will dilate to release body heatYour bodys control center will shut downYour psyche will tell your body not to sweat