Quantitative Analysis for Business....Data Collection Essay

Quantitative abbreviation for Business....Data Collection - Essay ExampleWith quantitative research, the info collection process works with a stated hypothesis that works with a stated theory. In the case of BIMS, data collection is acquired from patients exposed to opposite medications and other measures. The various methods that fall under the quantitative include experiments, observation, using management systems to acquire knowledge and conducting surveys (University of Pheonix, n.d.).The major merits associated with these methodologies are that they produce relevant results, as detailed results are obtained from the experiments. The researchers work with real prison term experiences hence are able to record details that may be used as constrains. The principal(prenominal) disadvantage of quantitative is that they are time consuming as massive data approach takes attribute in the continuity of the process. The method is also prone to error as many data entry of the infor mation is done by individuals, who might key in incorrect information. Quantitative methods of collecting data are expensive, as the researchers might require incentives to lure potential information givers. Also, travelling from one fixture to another includes miscellaneous expenses (University of Pheonix,

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 217

Assignment ExampleIssues arose when it came to the income statement. Although Gabel Boarding School not for profit organization meaning its elemental organizational objective is not profit maximization, the schooling is heading towards the dark end. The financial statements indicate that the accompany spends more than it earns in one trading period. When there atomic number 18 many expenses that the income, the school generates the chances of the operations of the school getting paralyzed are very high.The financial statements of Gabel Boarding School also indicate that the biggest author of funds for the school loans from banks and other financial statements. Ide t bug out ensembley not for profit organization do not get their revenues from their activities but donors and investors. Donors and investor are parties interested in the good will of the project. Loans tend to drain both the funds from the operations and the little income the school gets. Another issue with the finan cial statements of the school is that there are many miscellaneous expenses. The miscellaneous expenses generate not revenues for the school and thus act as a fiscal restraint.Not for profit organizations usually have their income statements include few details. They add up all items from their expenditures and record them as one item. Their statements have a particular sense of hearing who are the donor and investors. Because of the audience they attract they only list important activities of the organization, unlike Gabel Boarding School where all items are in the list (McCarthy, Nancy and John 132).The first recommendation that the school must work on immediately bring down their expense accounts. Reducing the expense account does not necessarily mean that the school stops carrying out its operations but instead either raise the revenues they have from other sources or get relinquish of activities that are no a must do. The best way to reduce expense from the organizations act ivities is to have a checklist (McCarthy, Nancy and

Politics KSN Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Politics KSN - Research Paper ExampleLater, Ras al khaymah joined the 6 States in 1972. The country has high GDP. It is comparable to some of the leading western Europeans nations. Due to its high petroleum revenue, high diversified economy and its moderate foreign policy is crucial in the affairs of the region. For more than than three decades, UAE economy was driven by fossil oil and global finance, however, in the recent past, its leaders fuddle implemented broad economic focus. The economy has diversified to other sectors like mass communication, tourism, shipping and finance. contrary many other of its regional peers, like Saudi-Arabian Arabia, who have developed unstable and stagnant regimes, oil dependant economies, UAE has diversified its economy to become politically stable center for commerce. Consequently, UAE has resisted the regional economic expert analytic thinking and were a clear outlier from the gulf(Lidstone and Digby 39)The phylogeny outcome created by UAE is quite unusual for the Persian Gulf. It is unique because of because of its light social altitude its economic dynamism and its political stability. In the country, people can openly transgress out western style dress and alcohol consumption is widely accepted in pedigree with Saudi Arabia, a different regional regime. There is a regional police, which enforces rigid social jurisprudence among the expatriates. Unlike other neighbors, the power transitions within UAE government are smooth. In UAE, there are no violent domestic opposition movements. Moreover, finally the UAE economic development has outperformed Saudi Arabias and other near countries in term of sustained growth and diversification.This observation has led to the puzzle of this thesis why has UAE defied the economist expectation and become so politically stable and economic developed. Why have its peers like Saudi Arabia failed to do so? Have oil curse and Arabs and Islamic culture that is expected to fail the d evelopment of the gulf countries

2pg response to a cultural experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2pg response to a cultural come across - Essay ExampleIndia and Pakistan share al closely similar cultural roots and most of the cultural practices are same and they tend to show the same kind of emotions and sentiments while interacting with people impertinent their own culture. One of the most striking things about this particular culture exist would be the detail that Pakistanis and Indians tend to share the same level of attitude towards liveness. They are not so disciplined as most of the people in west tend to be because their life is mostly haphazard in nature without any concrete planning in their life.The most important thing of my cultural experience with them was the fact they tend to view and honor women in more formal way as compared to the Hesperian people. Their respect and attitude towards women is entirely different as most of them are shy at disclosing their emotions and sentiments to them. by and large you would find them shy and uncomfortable while talking t o women.Their dresses are mostly comfortable and they prefer to interrupt cloths which provide more comfort than style. This distinguishes them because sometimes you may find them little bit more unceremonial than usual as compared to Western people.My overall cultural experience has been excellent as it has been a scholarship experience for me. This is because of the fact that I have been able to learn an entirely different attitude towards life as whole and little things in general. India and Pakistan give you an excellent cultural experience to live and experience a culture which is more hospitable, little bit less tolerant, strict in it core beliefs as well as values and give a lot of attention to more closer bonds amongst

Cell Wall Biogenesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cell Wall Biogenesis - Essay ExampleThe fence consists of labyrinthine mixture of polysaccharides and polymers that secret the cell through a network of bonds. The plant cell jettys also need enzymes, natural proteins, and phenol polymers that modify the chemical and physical properties (Carpita 445) Different plants contain unique chemical root and structures while all support the same role of regulating the cell and providing it with a shape.The plant cells convey biological and diverse functions crucial in human economics. In its natural form, the plant cell wall has the following commercial purposes textiles, paper, charcoal, wood products, and fibers. One can modify polysaccharides to make adhesives, thickeners, films, coatings, plastics, and gels ( Taiz and Eduardo 45).The primary cell wall has cellulose micro fibrils embedded in polysaccharide matrix. The matrix polysaccharides contain pectin, and hemicelluloses. Some of the pectin contained includes Arabinan, homogalac turonan, and galactan. Some of the hemicelluloses include xylan, callose, and xyglucan.The render matrix has both flexibility and strength. The cell walls have two groups of polysaccharides called hemicelluloses and pectin and few amounts of structural protein. The polysaccharides matrix consists of extensive array of polymers that vary according to cell type and plant species. A schematic diagram of major structural components of primary cell wall depicts cellulose micro fibrils with xyloglucan coatings that may cross-links to each other (Loewus 18). All the polysaccharides have their names after principal sugars for instance glucan polymer consists of glucose, xylan consists of xylose, and galactan consists of glucose. A compound name for the hemicelluloses does not mean a branched structure. Xyloglucan contain a chain of glucose residues with xylose sugars on the side chains. Glucomannan is a polymer that contains glucose and mannose.Loewus (4) says that

Data Mining - Questions to answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

information Mining - Questions to answer - Essay ExampleBack-Propagated Delta Rule Networks (BP) is an example for multiple perceptron which contains supernumerary hidden layers. It can function effectively compared to the single layer.In the fortune telling fulfil of neural networks to go for accurate call upion the training cases are increased which eventually leads to overfitting (George N. Karystinos, 2000). This occurs when the number of input variables is vauntingly compared to the training cases or when the input layers are highly correlated with each other. In methods like kernel turnaround and smoothing splines, the under fitting and overfitting of neural networks is usually encountered. The overfitting occurs in more complex networks. This leads to unprecedented predictions or ludicrous predictions.Data cleansing is the process of removing inaccurate and inappropriate data records, which is an integral process of data affect and maintenance. In large data sets, t he process of finding error and correcting the same needs interaction with the range experts which is an expensive and time consuming process. Since it involves a comprehensive assignment of identifying and rectifying errors and hence the task is complex. Initially these operations are carried out manually and later computational means of data cleansing evolved and even this process are time consuming and error prone (Heiko Mller et al ).3. What is the significance of Bayes Theorem in Data Mining Give an example of how statistical inference can be used for Data Mining. virtually of the presently available statistical models in data mining are prone to overfitting and also rickety (sensitive to minor changes in the data). These difficulties can be overcome in the Bayesian methods of statistical mining. The reliability of these algorithms has been reviewed (J. Kolter and M. Maloof, 2003). The Bayesian algorithm facilitates integration of clustering and produces scalable powerful alg orithm apt for data mining. Capturing correlation of large number of variables is possible using the Bayesian method. Example In the search process of exchangeable sequences (gene or protein sequences) in a sequence database, the data mining algorithm works by searching for similar matches which is based on the statistical preferences (e- value). Lower the expected value higher the relationship between the motion and the retrieved results. Since the data involved is a mere combination of string only statistical measures ensures comparative written report of the data sets. 4. Explain the concept of a Maximum Likelihood Estimator with an example.This is practically applied in prediction of phylogenetic relationships of protein sequences by tree algorithms. The maximum likelihood estimator forms the basis for the evolutionary prediction algorithms. The likelihood function predicts the relative function of all the given datasets (protein sequences). The algorithm eventually finds the most presumable relative to the other sequences in the datasets by maximum likelihood estimator and hence it is easy to predict the ancestral route as well as how

Perspective Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Perspective - Research Paper Examplemay non necessarily be the main deciding factor, but microeconomic principle assumes that all other factors unploughed constant, as the price of a product goes up, demand for the product declines. Based on pricing, a trading can focus with accuracy what consumers will misdirect and what they will not buy (Mankiw, 62).A plan Economy is an economic system in which it is directed by the state. The central government controls all decisions regarding dispersion and production of goods and services. Certified planners come second in that hierarchy by distributing work among the labour force. In a free market economic system, groups seeking their own advantage make decisions pertaining production and pricing. In a Mixed Economy, there exist an assortment of government and free enterprise control, and in about cases, the government may have a monopoly (Peter, 14).(B2B) Business-to-Business is a trade market where one can buy anything at any time wit h a purpose of saving money and acquiring goods for immediate decision-making. Drawbacks of B2B allow it does not facilitate all types of businesses and possible lack of credit as big businesses my deliberately blot out small businesses. Advantages of B2B include the use of online means reduces cost of running a business, and it facilitates ease of tracing node details.E-business is a business process that aims to integrate consumers with suppliers via the internet. Advantages of E-business include worldwide presence, effectiveness in marketing and promotion, better and personalised customer service and ease of development of competitive strategies. Some of its advantages are, costly business solutions and orbit limitation in terms of some products being perishable (Iyer).Several factors have influence on business perspective. These factors include economic factors, the economic system and the form of business itself. During business start-ups, it is important to respect these factors in

Genetic and Molecular Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genetic and molecular Biology - Essay ExampleThe chromosome theory on inheritance said that Chromosomes ar in pairs and genes, or their alleles, are located on the chromosomes.4. Each of several Alternative forms of a Gene is called an Allele. Letters are used to represent Alleles Capital Letters refer to a Dominant Allele that masks or hides recipe of a recessive allele. Lowercase Letters refer to a Recessive Allele its expression is cloak by a dominant allele. Yes, it is possible for more than two alleles of a gene to exist.5. Scientists gradually well-read about deoxyribonucleic acid in a curiously twisted fashion that is common in science. For ane thing, the discovery of DNA required progress on three separate fronts cytology (the study of cells through a microscope), genetics, and chemistry. Scientists working on DNA in the early 1950s used the term gene to average the smallest unit of genetic information, but they did not know what a gene actually looked like structural ly and chemically, or how it was copied, with very few errors, generation after generation. Nevertheless, many scientists continued to believe that DNA had a structure too uniform and simple to store genetic information for making complex sprightliness organisms. The genetic material, they reasoned, must consist of proteins, much more diverse and intricate molecules known to perform a multitude of biological functions in the cell.6. Gene is a hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines a particular characteristic in an organism. A chromosome is a grouping of coiled strands of DNA, containing many genes.7. Each strand of DNA is a chain of chemical building blocks, called nucleotides, of which there are four types adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). These allowable baseborn components of nucleic acids can be polymerized in any

Tort Law - Principles limiting actions in negligence against public Essay

tort Law - Principles limiting actions in negligence against public bodies - Essay ExampleThis essay also analyses how the exclusionary form compares to other principles used by the court to limit claims in negligence against public bodies. The Rule in Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire In Hill, the plaintiffs son was the decision victim of a serial killer known as the Yorkshire Ripper. The plaintiff claimed that had it not been for natural law negligence in detecting and apprehending the Yorkshire killer, her daughter would not have been murdered by him. The court ruled that the guard do not owe the public a superior general duty of care in call of apprehending criminals that are not known, unless failure to exercise care results in more risks. Moreover, police do not owe a general duty of care to individuals except in circumstances where there is propinquity of relationship between the police and an identified victim.3 headmaster Keith acknowledged that there may be a number of circumstances in which there may be a duty of care to the general public in the conduct of a number of activities that may require a higher streamer of care. However, it is unreasonable to expect this kind of general duty to be applied to the activities that police conduct. Lord Keith went on to state The general sense of public duty which motivates police forces is unlikely to be appreciably reenforce by the imposition of such liability so far as concerns their execute in the probe and downsizing of crime. From time to time they make mistakes in the exercise of that function, but it is not to be doubted that they feed their best endeavours to the performance of it.4 It would therefore appear that in formulating and justifying the exclusionary rule, there is an self-assertion that in the investigation and suppression of crimes, police put forth their best efforts and any missteps are regarded as excusable errors. Such an assumption is unrealistic, but at the same t ime, police are accountable for intentional torts in terms of enchant and battery. In such instances, proximity is clearly established. The court was very careful to emphasize that the exclusionary rule would sacrifice only in some instances.5 Lord Keith clearly stated that it would be unreasonable to impose a duty of care I some instances as this may lead to the exercise of a function being carried on in a detrimentally defensive frame of mind.6 The court explained that the item instances where it would be unreasonable to impose liability on police would be instances in which police were conducting investigations and suppressing crimes. Lord Keith specifically stated that the likelihood of the police conducting their duties with a defensive frame of mind when conducting investigations cannot be excluded.7 and then liability could not be imposed when police were conducting investigations and this part of the ruling was prefaced by the presumption that police conduct their invest igations putting forth their best efforts. The justification for the exclusionary rule may therefore be counterproductive. In safeguarding against the risk that police may become too distracted by the prospects of being found apt for negligence in the performance of

Questionable Hospitality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Questionable Hospitality - Essay ExampleHowever, the most striking statistic is the variance in pay rates amongst different travel areas around the origination. Europe in particular is a very strongly growing travel destination and a great place to work as a human resources employee for a travel organization 2.Ever since the events hither in the United States since 9/11, the hospitality industry has been suffering, whereas the industry has been growing exponentially in some other parts of the world. Whenever catastrophic events much(prenominal) as 9/11 do occur, they unendingly effect multiple industries, but it has been proven era and time again that its usually only localized, and not permanent. This is apparent with the steady growth deep down the furthermost couple years. In 2004 alone, the entire travel industry at heart the United States has grown in revenue by 7.6%, with profits increasing by 11.4% in the same time period 3. The strength of the American economy coupl ed with a renewed interest in travel is just a few of the factors effecting such growth. But probably the largest player in the recent spurt of production has to be inwardly the human resources incisions at many of these organizations.In the early years of the new millennium, many hospitality organizations were scarcely trying to brace for the effects of 9/11. With crackdowns in security at airports and hundreds of flight cancellations, most businesses in spite of appearance the United States lost a lot of their revenue. They could only offer odd hours to many of their employees to make up for their lack of labor funding, and often times couldnt afford to pay most employees like they used to. What 1would normally cause uproar inwardly an industry was left fairly silent within most businesses. However, European and especially Caribbean hospitality industries experience an unparalleled amount of growth. According to a study of salary comparisons within human resource departments done in 1997, Caribbean employees were grossing approximately $48,000 USD for a salary, Europe averaging roughly 1$28,000 USD, compared with the world average of $22,000 USD 4. There are many factors that some businesses are finally starting to follow here in the United States which allowed these two areas to become so strong.Europe has many organizations which help the hospitality industry. Its always been within European culture to travel the world, it is the great land of exploration. One of the most prominent organizations within Europe effecting travel is ATOL (Air Travel Organizers License), which is a type of travel insurance organization. It is a requirement within London for travel organizations to be ATOL protected. ATOL provides insurance to travelers who get stranded somewhere because a company or business is foreclosed, and additional travel insurance can be purchased from ATOL. This removes a lot of the work a human resources representative has to take care of, and giv es them more time to focus on team building, skills educate and marketing. Thus, employees of hotels and travel agencies can work better hours and are often trained better than in other parts of the world. The United States has an absence of such organizations, partially because of our strict policy of laissez-faire. Many businesses would benefit from a government sponsored organization such as ATOL within the United States. However, the focus has been on the human resources department

Prison-Building in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prison-Building in the UK - Essay ExampleHow a job is going to be attained is an issue that relates mainly to procurement. at that place argon three different main routes of procurement which one could follow. The first option is perhaps the nigh obvious, PFI ( common soldier finance initiative) procurement, is classic and actually quite attractive. For the purposes of this project, PFI will not be used. However it is helpful to know what it is exactly. Private finance initiatives are usually used when the public sector arranges to buy services, with very empirically-based subjects from the private sector. This is ongoing for a long time, which includes the maintenance and/or construction of the appropriate forms so that management by the private sector is maximized by the private finance be at a high risk. Next, which is not as innately apparent, is prime contracting. In this instance, a sole contractor is in the place of be the point man for a client in the public realm to p roduce deliverable goods-such as a completed construction project with budgetary constraints. The next and final procurement option is design and build, wherein one contractor, also indebted to a client in the public realm, has a single outcome specified. Unlike the prime contracting model, there is no pre-agreed cost data. Basically, the fact that these prisons are not macrocosm built with private finance initiative procurement is problematic. First, the fact that the funds existence spent would be taken from private funding would ensure that the public was not being swindled. Secondly, if something went wrong with the project, the money being spent would not be public monies. In fact, the fact that the monies that will be spent are public monies is highly problematic. How then does the prison industry make sure that it is being faithful to its mean purpose (housing prisoners). Someone, if this is public funds being used, must be kept accountable in ground of how the publics m oney or tax dollars are being spent. Private finance initiative procurement monies would be safer to use because if the money is not utilize properly, the private sector could more easily sue for damages. However, since the money is the publics money, the public does not necessarily have a representative in place to represent their interests, needs, and wants with date to how the project is coming along. In this way, there is much more potential for abuse when it comes to the publics money being spent on the prison programme. SECTION II.III. Question IIIn the opinion of Ramus, et. al. (2006), After a client has selected an appropriate procurement strategy for his building project, the next stage will be a review of how best to obtain the resources that will be necessary for him to have the work carried out. In well-nigh instances, client organizations will have limited skills and resources (pp. 68).There are four different types of contracts which could be utilized in this situat ion a contract based on bills of

Wooden Bat or Metal Bat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wooden Bat or metal Bat - Essay ExampleUsing a wooden flit or a metal one has always been a controversial issue for base lubber players. Wooden versus metal bat debate is not new for baseball fans who love to discuss what kind of bat is suitable for a bigger hit. This paper compares and contrasts the two types of silly.Wooden nuts are heavier than metal because they are solid. Metal fruity are hollow from within. Wooden bats require more effort to sway than metal oness. They alike have a smaller sweet spot (Zumerchik 52) referable to which the hit remains within range. Metal bats are lighter because of larger sweet spot which makes the hit swing higher.Wooden bats are safer than metal because the exit speed of the ball from a wooden bat is much slower. Thus, the ball comes off with slow speed, which is good, for it reduces the danger of injury if another player or pitcher hits the ball. Metal bats, as they are lighter, can easily get tossed away to injure another player.A woo den bat, due to its solid mass, does not wedge when the ball hits it. But when the ball hits a metal bat, it causes the latter to compress which has a negative effect on the exit speed of the ball, though the exit speed is enhance by the center of gravity being placed near the handle. In wooden bats, there is no issue of compression.To conclude, wooden bats are heavier, safer, and are affordable in price. Metal counterparts provide larger hit zone, are lighter and easy to handle. Major League Baseball makes the players use wooden bats due to their certain advantages over metal equivalents.

Research paper on nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research paper on nursing - Essay interpreter nurse profession contributes in promotional material of well being of a person by cake of illness, helping doctors in treatment procedures, and taking tol timents care of ill, disabled and dying people. According to International College of Nursing (ICN), nursing also aids in various other aspects of health care setting including promotion of a safe surroundings, research and development, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and preparation of educational materials. This profession is regarded as the backbone of our healthcare system. As the global environment is changing at fast pace, the types of disorders, and the paths of disease transmission are also varying and therefore, offering more diverse challenges. The nurses ensure promising future to all the people who are victims of bad health. Cohesive efforts and cooperative knowledge of nurse and physician brings clinical success in terms of patients commanding outcome.The nursing profession has undergone many transformations over human history with different stages of development. Nursing in past times was restricted to mother caring for their off springs and relatives. It was believed that sickness and disorders arise due to evil strong drink and only magical treatments were given. Nursing activities were taken care of by females in the early Christian era in the Churches and homes without formal education. Over the time these nurses learnt the skills with the use of herbal medicines and drugs. Some nurses even got treatment desire physicians. However, this was followed by dark period of nursing where illiterate and ignorant women were delivering crude and unsatisfactory nursing service to sick and needy people. In this period, St. Vincent de Paul, religious leader motivated ladies for nurse training without actual clinical education. Then the developmental era in nursing began from 1846 with Florence

Elite Running Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Elite caterpillar tread Inc - Case Study ExampleThe ancestry of Elite rose by 39% in 2003 as compared to 2002. The mature in the level of line of descent was preplanned by the caution in order to be prepared to grab the offers from the suppliers when they offer favorable prices for the company. The changes also indicate that while the sales have declined for the company by 24%, the earn profits have declined by 53.8%. This fall in gross profits was mainly due to the changes in the product prices due to the change in agonistical market scenario with the appearance of a new entrant named, Stampy. The other significant changes include fall of retain earnings of the company by 11.2% and the fall of equity by 8.4%. Explanation for tick-marks b, e & k The history for the tick-marks has been explained as follows. Tick-mark b The fall in the accounts receivable of Elite Running Inc. in 2003 as compared to the tax of 2003 could be explained by the fall of sales figures of the compa ny. Due to the fall in the level of sales saturation of the company, the credit offered for sales also reduced. Thus the accounts receivable also declined in 2003 as compared to 2002. Tick-mark e The inventory of the company increased by 17 million dollars which is a rise of 39% in inventory level of 2003 as compared to that of 2002. ... Tick-mark k Elite running Inc. has faced unprecedented competition in 2003. The commission forecasted a 10% rises in the sales as compared to 2002. However, due to entry of a new opponent and offers of a similar footwear and apparel product by the competitor eroded their market fate as the customers inclined towards the products offered by Stampy. This led to the fall of revenue earnings of the company. In order to respond to the changed external environment, the company reduced its product prices. Although, it allowed the company to retain a large number of customers, the gross profit of the company declined. Discussion auditing and accounting issues for identified changes The accounting and auditing issues identified in the valuation accounts receivable suggest that the valuation of accounts receivables should have been $51m instead of $60m that has been recorded in the books of accounts. The issue behind this gap is that the management has influenced the accountant and the auditor in disclosing consistent value of aging account (AICPA 18). The accounts receivable figure for a period of less than 30 days has also been suggested to be maintained at 85%. In order to do this, the accounts receivable from the three sales transactions of the new sales and marketing putz of the company, named Andy Dufresne has not been recorded under the assurance of the management. This is an auditing issue as it shows clear deviation from standards of accounting (U.S. Securities and replacement Commission 1). The accounting and auditing issue involved in the rise of inventory level of Elite Running Inc. questions the gap between the availa ble information on the receipt of supplier materials as the reason for rise in inventory and the

Representations of difference in comic books Essay

Representations of difference in comic books - Essay ExampleIn doing so, one considers the range of potential referees and at that placefore thinks about sexual practice balance to at least reach all kinds of people. Of course profitability is a serious reckon to cartoonists and writers because it is not just an expression of their artistic side but it is also their job that should be well-compensated. nonage representation is a social issue that becomes a major concern in comics. It does not solitary(prenominal) make readers critical of social issues going around them such as feminism, sexism, racism and others which have been the rootage of many comic strips that made great noise in the industry. Sometimes, the most daring themes often advance because of the popularity it can cause from the criticisms it gains from the public eye. Nevertheless, there ar laws that often hold back artists in ill considering their kinds of material otherwise they will be considered pornograph ic just as it was ruled in 1973 by the Supreme Court that a material is considered obscene if they offended prevailing community standards. Another measurable detail to consider in representations is diversity of genre. When genres are determined, it would be easier for writers and readers to identify what is most read. As a medium, some(prenominal) of the benefits of representations are becoming the voice for minorities, discuss on social issues in a catchy manner and educate and encourage children to become more critical of social issues. Comics are interesting because of the cartoonish bindings that pluck the maintenance of readers from children to adults. Therefore it is a medium that one can use to speak to a class of readers. The images represented and captions written on comics can reflect the environmental circumstances and oftentimes call the attention of readers of different ages who have diverse opinions as shown in Say it Loud. The representations became the voice of Lesbians (Bechdel), racial minorities (Coleman) and feminists (Farmer & Robbins). Although there have been various reactions from readers, there have been a lot who applauded the works of cartoonists who had the courage to speak for the ones they represented. The ricochetations of representations are interconnected. As mentioned earlier, writers and cartoonists are concerned about gender balance, minority representations and diversity of genre which often limit their decisions. In addition, technological advancements have a great effect on the products because of the use of television and computers which draw the attention of potential readers. There are diverse products that cater to diverse audience which results to a utter percentage of possible comic readers. Therefore, the probability is the fear of many cartoonists, that when one starts venial, it might stay small (McCloud). There have been tensions that arose among readers and writers about visibility and assimilation. For the artists, perhaps their objective was to create a critical creative thinker in their readers with representations that would appeal to their audiences. However, they have received various reactions. Some enjoyed comic strips while others were able to look up to them because they find that it is their very life that is being represented. Some simply acknowledged the genius of the artists but some had violent reactions. One of the readers of Aaron McGrouders is quoted to have said his comic strips are teaching children to become racists. The reader claims to understand the objective of the comic strips for the adult audience but

Evolution And Extinction Essay Example for Free

ontogeny And quenching EssayEvolution describes the progressive stages by which organisms existing today have emerged through processes of specialization, adaption and essential selection, from their pre-existing ancestors it is the significant change in the traits of a population over several generations. On the former(a) hand, extinction of a species of organism is the total discoming into court of such forms of life from the surface of the earth callable to inability to adapt.The concept of f extinction and fossil development are closely interwoven. It is so pregnant to the support of evolution that Charles Darwin expects that the missing fossils would one day emerge as the strongest support for the theory he propounded the theory of evolution by natural selection. The point is that without extinction, on that point would be no fossils. In the absence seizure of fossils, it readily becomes difficult to relate species ancestor to the existing organisms for the purpose of establishing an unequivocal evolutionary link.Evolution has generated a lot of controversy in contemporary times as it attempts to remove the Creationist theory from its vantage and exceedingly exalted position. It is a thoughtful concept on the origin of living organism that has been supported by Developmental similarities ascribed to the work of Ernest Haeckel, chromosomal similarities among mammals and primates e.g. man and chimpanzee, fossil records, biochemical and anatomical similarities such as vestigial organs. Of these, fossil records are the most important since they create the asked link to substantiate evolution. earlier reaching forth to connect and disconnect evolution and extinction, it is essential to note that In the beginning, life was simplistic and over time, complexities came into view. As a result organisms perpetually attempt to become better suited to the predominant environmental conditions and demands. Organisms who can effectively develop appropriate features survive i.e. they adapt and those who can not, kick the bucket. This is the concept of the pick of the fittest.The newly evolved organism with better adaptation mechanisms produce offsprings much better suited by channelize of such positive and inheritable characters encoded in genes. When conditions change again, evolution occurs for the sustenance of life. Those who do not cope, die and their species progressively disappear. It is this cycle of evolution and extinction that is acclaimed to have maintained living organisms on the Earth.EVOLUTION VERSUS liquidationFrom the aforementioned facts, it is clear that the two concepts are in a way, mutually interdependent. The progressive emergence of contemporary horse from its evolutionary ancestors has been confirmed by fossil discovery and outline. Same applies to mans appearance as valet de chambre sapiens. In the examples, the ancestral species have gone into extinction. Their fossils were however discovered. A detaile d analysis of these fossils, placing them side by side has do it possible to trace the evolution of horses and man for man, from extinct Homo habilis through H. erectus to the present day Homo sapiens.This complementation has been achieved thus detailed study and analysis of the incompatible aspects of the fossil anatomical, biochemical, and sometimes pathological, and comparing of findings to same properties of existing species has led to the conclusion that speciation and specialization occurred, necessitated by the need for survival.In contrast, if extinction points to the fact that evolution has possibly occurred, what about the missing relate. This is an area that has made the belief in evolution a rather Herculean adventure. If organisms are claimed to have evolved over time, then, there has to fossils for the proposed ancestors. This is particularly important in the case of links i.e. species that combined the properties of two related members of a genus. If these links ar e absent, evolution raises more questions than it can answer.In this vein, one may look at Extinction as a natural solution to the problems of congestion. It appears to relieve the ecosystem of the burden of many lives. Imagine the congestion and its appendix intense competition for space that would have resulted if extinction did not occur. The earth would have been in wicked turmoil and life would intolerable.On the other hand, evolution shows the capacity that nature has to become suited to get life. It evidently relates a potent idea nature is self-sustaining. It can adapt to changes effectively, and produce same or better results from prevailing conditions.

The Plight of the Mentally Ill Homeless in the US Essay Example for Free

The Plight of the psychogenicly Ill dispossessed in the US EssayIntroduction The issue of rooflessness in the US has been of serious concern since the mid-eighties when the problem first became app bent. Budget deficits, brought about by massive diversions to military spending, forced a cutback on most social service. To daylight, nigh 7% of the community has been dispossessed at least once in their awaits. Estimates place the number of stack who experience rooflessness each year at 3 m harmion, more than than half of which are families with children. (Donohoe, 2004) Of that number, roughly 25% score serious and chronic mental problems. (Mental Illness and statelessness, 2006) The purpose of this newspaper is to forget a historical and social context to homelessness in the US, with particular focus on the mentally disturbed. Current statistics and demographics for the mentally- wan homeless will also be presented followed by an analysis of programs currently be ing undertaken with regards to this sphere of influence of the universe. The Numbers The homeless population tidy sum be divided into three types ground on how enormous and often they are homeless. About 80% are temporarily homeless, those who experience a single, short geological period (about two weeks) of homelessness that is not repeated.The episodically homeless (approximately 10% of the homeless population) are also short-term spells of homelessness solely may be repeated at unpredictable intervals over a period of while. The chronically homeless, 10% of the population, request the use of homeless tending facilities and services over a protracted period at frequent intervals. (U. S. department of Health and Human Services, 2003) Overall, 39% have reported mental illness of which 25% are considered seriously ill. Among the last group, 50% are mentally ill or with substance ill-usage problems.This translates to approximately 150,000 chronically homeless, mentally ill pe ople at any given time, and the mentally ill homeless have the most difficulty in relinquishing assistance programs. Of this population, 23% are veterans. ( topic Mental Health Information Center, 2003) Characteristics of the homeless mentally ill The mentally ill are often have been institutionalized at some point in their lives, and may have been involuntarily committed or have received fragilityment un competent for their condition.Since they are not completely functional because of their dis susceptibility and miserable hygiene, they tend to be prone to physical ailments, much(prenominal) as respiratory disease, HIV, and tuberculosis, that remain untreated until an move on stage, if not death. They are usually members of a community that have become alienated from friends and family because of their disability and institutionalization, losing whatsoever support system they may have had. Many have been charged with misdemeanors, and their life expectancy is approximately 45 age. (National Mental Health Information Center 2003) Causes of homelessness among the mentally illThe 1960s saw an porta to reduce the number of mental hospitals in the US because of reports that patients were receiving indifferent treatment, and to transfer the institutionalized to community-based treatment centers. However, practically all states where unable to provide adequate facilities for the accommodation of the released patients. Many were reduced to becoming homeless. (Peirce, 2001) In the 1980s, compute constraints forced even more premature releases from managed care of people suffering from schizophrenia or frenetic depression, overburdening an already bogged-down system.In a study of 187 released patients from Metropolitan State Hospital in Massachusetts, 27% had been homeless for more than 6 months, 66% of whom having no entre to proper medication. There are more untreated mental cases in the population than the 90,000 receiving treatment in hospitals. In Berke ley, California, as many as calciferol mentally ill people wander the metropolis on any given night. ( statelessness Tragic placement essence of Non-Treatment, 2003) Federal assistance programs are often inadequate to provide trapping for this disabled population, and emanation housing costs make it difficult even for mentally stable people to obtain suitable housing.Mentally ill people are less likely to obtain steady use and, though having no need for long-term institutionalization, are in need of lawful entry sort to treatment and renewal services in order to function independently. The paucity of community-based health centers and suitable housing facilities increases the risk of homelessness for the mentally ill. (National concretion for the roofless, 2006) Homelessness is mostly associated in urban areas (Armour, 2003), 71% in cities, 21% in the suburbs and 9% in rural (National Mental Health Information Center, 2003).It is therefore mainly for city officials to fo retell the problem of homelessness, in particular the mentally ill who are most vulnerable to chronic homelessness and most in need of city social services. However, the response of most cities is to make it a crime to be homeless, and many of the mentally ill homeless are incarcerated in conditions that will only worsen their condition. In the Twin Towers jail in Los Angeles, commonly referred to as the biggest jail in the world, 2,000 of the inmates are mentally ill, some imprisoned for many years for minor transgressions.Police authorities often have no other(a) place to put them yet in jail. (Campbell, 2003) Homeless people with mental disorders are not only more likely to burst from poor physical health as a consequence of their disability, they are more likely to be raped, die from accidents and exposure to the elements, and murdered. There is a tendency for the general population to shun the homeless because of fearfulness and intolerance for perceived laziness, and the mentally ill homeless are regarded as dangerous and unpredictable. Many treat the mentally ill homeless as sub-humans.(Homelessness Tragic Side Effect of Non-Treatment, 2003) Initiatives Undertaken for the Mentally Ill Homeless The U. S. subdivision of Veteran Affairs has provided one of the astronomicst percentages of public health care in the US, accommodating more than 8% of inpatient psychiatric care. Since 23% of the homeless mentally-ill population is veterans, the provision of such coffin nailed psychiatric services to an at-risk population is a positive factor in the fight against the increase of the homeless mentally-ill. (Gamache, Rosenbeck and Tessler, 2000)However, for the other sectors of the homeless population, the Veterans Affairs program does not apply. In efforts to provide a more comprehensive blueprint for address the issue of the homeless mentally ill, several studies have been undertaken. A two-year University of Pennsylvania study published in the accommo date Policy Debate of 5,000 homeless with serious mental problems in New York express that it cost the self selfsame(prenominal)(prenominal) amount in public dollars to provide supportive housing, health services and exercising assistance to the mentally ill as to provide social services to homeless people for the same period.(Franzen, 2001) The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) initiated the federal Continuum occupy Program to combat homelessness, the core of which is called the Continuum of Care Initiative, which began a study of 4,000 homeless people in 1996 aimed at identifying factors that pertain to homelessness in the US. The HUD released the report empower The Forgotten Americans Homelessness Programs and the People They Serve in 2000. It was reported that 39% of the subjects were mentally ill.The report identified the uncomplicated goal of the homeless (find employment) and how much of the population reacted favorably (76% who lived as families and 60 % who lived alone ended homelessness) to admission to housing, health care and other infallible services. The report outlined strategies that resulted in a US$45 million additional funding for homeless programs in 2000 and helped finance housing, employment and other self-sufficiency programs for 300,000 homeless people. (Tyler, 2002).In 2003, the U. S.Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) followed up on the HUD initiative and submitted a report that showed that health care costs of a homeless medically-ill person was US$ 11,000 more a year than that of the same person after being provided with suitable housing. The Needs of a inveterateally Homeless Person bad-tempered Many Service System Boundaries Source U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (2003).Ending degenerative Homelessness Strategies for Action. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http//aspe. hhs.gov/hsp/homelessness/strategies03/ch. htmch2 In response to these studies, the following services were identifi ed as necessary for ending homelessness among medically ill people information and referral outreach and engagement mental health and counseling services inpatient services income charge and support residential treatment services discharge planning life skills services education and skills train and employment services. With a time frame of 10 years, the HHS outlined three goals of the initiative 1.Provide easier access for at-risk populations to treatment and support services by simplifying document requirements, increasing outreach programs and extending the period of eligibility for benefits. Strategies to assist service providers in carrying out the objectives of the assistance programs, such as inter-agency collaboration for data sharing, in-service training for mainstream service providers as head as a marriage of homeless-specific and mainstream service providers working in tandem to provide services for desirable patients are also suggested.2. Promote efficiency and flexi bility in allocating funds that address chronic homelessness by encouraging cooperation between concerned departments in the federal, state and local levels in terms of programs and service delivery. Incentives are to be formulated to encourage such collaboration, especially when it comes to mainstream and homeless-specific funding sources. The need for a coordinating embody was pinpointed.3. Reduce the number of the homeless population by identifying populations at risk (i. e.veterans, deinstitutionalized mental patients) and providing programs that would ensure the ability to acquire decent housing such as employment assistance and regular health monitoring. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003) The response at the city level, where the issue of the homeless is most pressing, has been mixed. Some cities free handle homelessness using punitive measures. In Sarasota, Florida, a person can be retarded for having no other place to live. Business leaders in Lawrence, Kansas, pressured city hall to curtail social services and twirl ordinances targeted at the homeless.The anti-panhandling law in Atlanta, Georgia was imposed on a Hurricane Katrina evacuee after he was caught exchange wares in an upper-class mall. Supportive housing was also banned within the city limits. In scant(p) Rock, Arkansas, homeless people are not allowed on buses even if they have tickets, simply because they are homeless. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006) Other cities are more constructive.The Ft. Lauderdale police department and The Taskforce for Ending Homelessness, Inc.have teamed up to form the Homeless Outreach team to provide social services and place the homeless in shelters in Broward County, Florida, cutting down the arrest record of the homeless by 2,400 annually in the 5 years of the programs operation. The Homeless Outreach Psychiatric Evaluation Team in Pasadena, California is a partnership of the Pasadena Police Department and the Los Angeles D epartment of Health to provide mental health services to the homeless population. A tri-city cooperation in Ohio fund programs that provide social services at during off-hours to people ineligible for state assistance.The Homeless Court Program create in 1989 in San Diego, California assists the homeless in resolving misdemeanor charges that prevent their access to benefits such as housing and employment. In Washington, D. C. , business owners solved the problem of the homeless wandering the street during the day when shelters are closed by establishing a day center that can accommodate 260 people where they can get a meal, shower and do laundry. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006) Proposed Plan for Community-Based Assessment Program.The following is a generic plan and timetable for a community-based program composed of volunteers in collaboration with local police authorities based on call for assessment criteria designed to assess the level of intervention required for a population of 5,000 residents. Recruitment and orientation of potential members through flyers and announcements at the community or city hall 1 month Data gathering on the homeless population based on arrest records and flying field research 3 months Tracking down identified homeless people and conducting interviews to identify perceived needs 6 months.Analysis of interviews by trained professionals for recommendations on the services needed for the target population 1 month Submission of results and recommendations of the study to the concerned city and community departments to acquire funding and other assistance 1 month The above plan will address the needs of a specific population with particular demographic and social factors that will determine the type and scale of social services, health management, housing and employment assistance that would most effectively eliminate the homeless mentally ill population.The smallness of the target population will make it more manageabl e, especially for volunteer organizations, and easier to acquire and manage funding for some(prenominal) needs that are identified. Conclusions Studies have shown what police authorities and social organizations have been pointing out for some time the costs of incarcerating and treating mentally ill homeless people would be greatly reduced if they receive regular treatment and medication and provided with the ability to take themselves off the streets.(Campbell, 2003) This would mean more funds for more people receiving community-based health and housing privileges. The proposed plan for needs assessment is only the initial stage for providing for the homeless mentally ill at the community level for small populations. Many studies deal with the needs of a large population that may not be applicable in the micro-level, especially if the community in indecision has particular cultural and social issues unique to that community. It may also serve as a sit around to identify other s ubgroups of the homeless such as those substance abuse problems.It must be brought to the adjacent level, actual service and support delivery. Many of the initiatives in all levels of public social service access are headed in the right direction, mostly as a result of recommendations from comprehensive studies of the issue. Inter-agency collaborations are providing true(p) models for all communities to follow, but they are a handful compared to the magnitude of the problem at hand. More cooperation is needed to make effective use of funds, mainstream and homeless-specific service providers, law enforcement agencies and volunteer organizations.Moreover, the homeless mentally ill are still victims of public ridicule and loathing. People of the community must acknowledge that the most effective itinerary to assist the homeless mentally off the streets and into productive lives is by providing social services, mental health access, employment assistance and supportive housing at the community level. In the long run, the most cost-effective way getting rid of them is to make them productive, functioning citizens.References Armour, S. (2003) Homelessness grows as more live check-to-check. USA Today.Retrieved February 2, 2007 from http//www. usatoday. com/money/ economic system/2003-08-11-homeless_x. htm Campbell, D. (2003) 300,000 Mentally Ill in US Prisons. Common Dreams. org. Retrieved February 2, 2007 from http//www. commondreams. org/headlines03/0303-09. htm Donohoe, M. (2004) Homelessness in the United States. Medscape Ob/Gyn Womens Health. Retrieved January 31, 2007 from http//www. medscape. com/viewarticle/481800 Franzen, H. (2001) Housing Mentally Ill Homeless People Makes Economic Sense. Scientific American Inc.Retrieved January 31, 2007 from http//www.sciam. com/article. cfm? articleID=000EF22A-AA04-1C5E-B882809EC588ED9F Gamache, G, Rosenbeck, R. and Tessler, R. (2000) Factors Predicting Choice of Provider Among Homeless Veterans With Mental Illness P sychiatric Services. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http//www. psychservices. psychiatryonline. org/cgi/content/full/51/8/1024 Homelessness Tragic Side Effect of Non-Treatment (2003) Treatment Advocacy Center. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http//www. psychlaws. org/generalResources/fact11. htm Maleque, S. and Brennan, V. (n. d. ) Homeless Mentally Ill.Factline Tracking Health in Undeserved Communities. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http//www. meharry. org/Fl/Mental_Health/Homeless_Mentally_Ill. htmlmh%20disab National Coalition for the Homeless (2006) Mental Illness and Homelessness. Retrieved January 31, 2007 from http//www. nationalhomeless. org/publications/facts/Mental_Illness. pdf National Coalition for the Homeless (2006) Report accuses US cities of criminalizing the homeless. city Mayors Society. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http//www. citymayors. com/society/homeless_usa2. html.National Mental Health Information Center (2003) Homelessness Provision of Mental Health and spunk Abuse Services. Retrieved February 2, 2007 from http//mentalhealth. samhsa. gov/publications/allpubs/homelessness/ Peirce, N. (2001) Help for the Mentally Ill Homeless Rectifying a 30 Year Old Problem. Stateline. org. Retrieved February 2, 2007 from http//www. stateline. org/live/ViewPage. action? siteNodeId=136languageId=1contentId=14273 Tyler, R. (2002) Homeless in America. NewsHour Extra. Retrieved January 31, 2007 from http//www. pbs. org/newshour/extra/features/july-dec02/homeless.html U. S.Department of Health and Human Services (2003) Ending Chronic Homelessness Strategies for Action Chapter 2. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http//aspe. hhs. gov/hsp/homelessness/strategies03/ch. htmch2 U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (2003) Ending Chronic Homelessness Strategies for Action Chapter 5. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http//aspe. hhs. gov/hsp/homelessness/strategies03/ch. htmch5 U. S. Departmentof Veterans Affairs (2006) Overview of Homelessness. Retri eved February 1, 2007 from http//www1. va. gov/homeless/page. cfm? pg=1.

Government Functions Essay Example for Free

G all overnment Functions EssayIn the economical system of every province, the governance is the authority governing the day to day transactions and dealings between privates whether private or public. Other bureaus ar enforcement of rules and regulations, overseeing the devising and execution of contracts and setting of standards to be fol imprinted. To do this, resources be required because collection of imposees. The functions aside, the organization itself births firms in spite of appearance the economy whence a player. The type played by the advance/ administration has been under close support and criticism simultaneously. In about countries, the governings role is welcome whilst in a nonher(prenominal)(a)s it detested. The main object of government in both(prenominal)(prenominal) scenarios though is the allocation of b bely resources and creating an milieu suit equal to(p) for much(prenominal) resources to be exploited. This is achieved through e nsuring that law and found is maintained. External personify incurred by businesses that be not cistr championd in the business transactions ar overly taken into account by the government. This is in read to protect them from growing which whitethorn otherwise lead to bankruptcy and collapse.The governments role shouldnt be solely that of creation of a good environment for business via alimentation of law and order. Rather, it should go beyond this by being a strike player in the economy. police and order though facilitates stability as headspring as reduces corruption hence encouraging sendment. apply the opportunity cost principle, the uses to which scarce resources can be put ar many and the real cost are those which are forg wholeness. These are incurred in cases where corruption is beent.Examples of such cost according to So swell up include outride in mathematical process of certain economic activities given an un executable corrupt economic environment this outgrowths to non-development of basic base of operations that would dumbfound been used to carry out the economic activity. In turn, planned investments do not give-up the ghost hence existing output directs are not amplificationd due to lack of expansion. The final egresss are normally unemployment accompanied by brain drain as the environment is similarly not viable to work in. Simply put, higher(prenominal) corruption levels are accompanied by low economic growths and low per capita incomes.Other effectuates of corruption are discrimination in the employment sector and profiling of workers. lend to slow economic growth are withal ache bureaucratic processes. All these contri thate to effort a government agency investors. Corruption doesnt unavoidably come in the form of direct bribes. It may overly be in the form of nepotism and tribalism which is currently prevalent in most countries. The law being a set of rules and principles that are used in the day to day run ning of a hoidenish ought to take the following characteristics- reliability uniformity in application i.e. they must portray a sense of fair play and equality inflexibleness i. e. they should not change from time to time. Rigidity brings about stability. Countries with laws that put unmatched over these characteristics are wedded to boost investor confidence as well as encouraging skilled labor to immigrate into the country in search of job opportunities. Such skilled labor may not surrender been procurable locally. This set of rules and principles should be impartial but discriminatory at the alike(p) time. The discriminatory aspect of some laws has at times turn up to boost economic growth. in time the statement holds precisely when the discriminating aspect is known by the parties involved well in advance. If the discriminating spirit of the law is known, the economic environment entrust be more stable as compared to where the justice system is discriminatory in variant and application of the law. The law may be discriminatory on the basis of aspects such as worship and race. However, if the economy grows, the growth allow for be felt across the board and not just by those for whom the law discriminates.Even though some laws have discriminatory aspects, they should not in any way allow for the development of oneness by another(prenominal)(prenominal) nor allow for the interference of ones activities by another with malicious intentions. A countrys economy is majorly dependent on the existence of a government. Nonetheless, this dependability also takes into consideration the governments effectiveness in law enforcement. Geographically, some regions within the same country will have laws being more enforced than others. However, extra costs incurred by businesses in ensuring that goods and services reach the erasers are always transferred to the same consumers.This reduces demand due to high prices. be hankerings Rights On post right s, focus should be placed not just on the owners of such but more so on the general effect the existence and practise of such rights has on the economy. The exercise of property rights may result to economic effects which impact negatively on the populace as in that location maybe no single respective(prenominal) to blame. As a result, property rights should be nigh monitored but sluice more emphasis ought to be placed on automatic self-monitoring by individuals as a solution.The mere fact that the property rights do exist creates a sense of self-monitoring on the individual which is more effective and less costly as compared to government monitoring. This self-productivity results to increased productivity and lower championship good prices as there is less wastage. However, negligence may also result on the part of the property owners and class stratification. However, given that property rights do have a greater economic efficiency, the general tribe will have higher li ving standards when the economic growth that results slabbers down.However, restrictions such as setting of nominal standards and creation of Boards to oversee the use of certain property should be put in place. These will financial aid prevent exploitation. Stringent laws film also be put into place by governments and respective authorities. In creation and application of restrictions to property rights, one has to have in mind that property rights do have intentions and effects. Economic incentives by the government do play a big role and such rights subscribe to be looked at from the economic angle i. e. the incentives that are brought about by them.One should also acquire what the effects of changing them or completely doing without them are. Social order is a function of existence of laws, government institutions to ensure the maintenance of law and order and acknowledgement of such by the citizens. The degree of mixer order differs from one country to another as well as from one individual to another. It is the existence or inexistence of a social order and its level that molds how business dealings are conducted between individuals. Social order should be upheld in all aspects of government.This may in turn extend to the rest of the community hence doing away with corruption thusly bringing down transaction costs. If the social order is inexistent or at a low level, enterprises tend to be small scale. This translates to lower production and by the economies of scale, the end substance abuser experiences higher prices. A good social order thus attracts investment. The government can boost this by encouraging cartwheel within its administration, in now supporting or detesting cultures that are pro-honesty. The same can also be achieved via school curricula.Another factor that can each undermine or develop the social order are the nature of a countrys law. However, the foodstuff has a way of creating its own social order. External costs and ben efits do exist in business and they occur outside the parties that are part to an actual transaction. These are nonetheless not accounted for in the market place and it is for this reason that the government has to come in to make terminations bear uponing out-of-door costs and benefits via legislation and regulations. Some benefits are indivisible. They are every a whole or no function at all.To decide any aspect about them is thus better left to government. External costs on their part are felt either directly or indirectly by individuals. The individuals thus decide basing on how the external costs impact them and their activities. In countries with popularly elected governments, most of the decisions made by are not put into much economic consideration. Focus is actually mainly placed on making the people happy and not necessarily on economic improvement. Most of such decisions are political and not economically beneficial to the country.CHAPTER 18 GOVERNMENT FINANCE Like an y other enterprise whether profit making or non-profit making, resources are needed to enable a business e a continuing venture. On the part of the government, its disbursal aspect if a factor of revenue collection. Revenue is raised via tax collection. How this tax is collected greatly affects how much will in effect be collected as it impacts on the citizens turn over on taxation policies. Any change in taxation policy by the government will automatically result in behavioral change by the tax payer in basis of expenditure and savings.This change is nevertheless in no scale predictable and may go at length to affect the performance of the economy at large. No rule can be give tongue to to be applied by government to predict this change. The net tax paid by an individual is a factor of the number of taxes that are applicable on a said person and their space economically. Value Added Tax ( tubful) takes a bigger share from the poor than it does from the rich as outlay on cons umer goods makes up a greater percentage of the poor persons budget whilst saving or re-investment makes up a greater percentage of the richs budget.However, tax paid by individuals is a mixture of both regressive and progressive taxes. However, the official legal indicator of incidence of tax does not necessarily show who bears the incidence of tax. Before a government makes decisions on whether or not to increase a particular tax, factors to be considered are how the tax is collected. This determines whether the tax is being felt by the individual or not. Increasing or decreasing the tax may thus not necessarily result to behavioral change by the consumer. One way through which government raises income is through sale of bonds.It is this level of sale of government bonds that determines the national debt. The impact the national debt will have on the economy is a dependent on what percentage it is of the countrys GDP. However, both GDP and national debt increase over time as a res ult of increased population size. The vice versa is also true. Sale of bonds is considered a future investment by the government and who bears the cost of the national debt is worth considering i. e. whether it is the government or the tax payer. To the government, accrued chase over time is one cost.This interest may affect investor confidence both in the short and long term. As bonds are sold and re-sold over time, their interest rate has to be increased lest they lose their value. This however lowers investor confidence in the long run. The rise in government interest rates may bring about a ripple effect increase on other interest rates as investors look for specie with which to purchase the bonds. Influence of government may however make product prices independent of their costs despite the above ripple effect they may have at the same time.In an economy, there always are unmet needs which the government must satisfy. However resource distribution by government takes into ac count not the maximization of their use but sooner merely re-distribution. It is this that explains why government may undertake projects that are not economically profitable or necessary as well as why some public utilities are offered at prices which are way below their actual market value or at no value at all. Spending by the government is mainly a factor of whether or not there is the need to spend whilst the principles behind such spending are outlined by the law.Through its expenditure, the government is able to influence the economys net purchasing power. Increased government spending implies more money will be in the economy thus leaving more at the hands of households for spending on other commodities other than those for which the government has already paid for. Costs as a result of government spending can either be to the government or the economy. It should be clear who is care the cost and the nature of the cost. As utility varies from individual to individual, the d esire to purchase due to price dissimilitude can thus be controlled via price controls or subsidies.The latter have however proven more fruitful than the designer since subsidies transfer the total cost of an item to the entire population alternatively than allow a single individual to incur it. Here the cost is thus on the economy, not the government. From this, one can deduce that government finance comes in to bring a solution to the price-utility problem by creating an even bigger problem or earlier shifting the cost from the government to the economy. The pattern of government expenditure is majorly a political function.Projects that prove politically building are more likely to be undertaken. Any government has got its obligations and current and future expenditure make up the governments obligations regarding expenditure. rising obligations may seem not that costly until it reaches a point where they must be incurred. Their costs are accounted for but not incurred until the need arises. Incentives can be either political or economical. Incentives such as government subventions are majorly dependent on the size of the working and the retired population. A good balance enables pension payment.On the private side however, payment of insurance benefits is dependent on the currently existing subscribers to the insurance. CHAPTER 20 INTERNATIONAL TRADE Some have argued that in supranational cunning, while one country gains, another loses. But both parties should be gaining in a way otherwise there wouldnt be a reason to tack. A country may gain via for example economic growth. This has been the general effect of international batch. However, terms used in international trade such as trade famine and surplus do not necessarily reflect a countrys economic wellness.To determine this, one has to look past the figures involved in international trade. A country may have quite a number of reasons why it should or should not engage itself in international trade. Reasons for however outweigh those against. Those for include absolute advantage, comparative advantage and economies of scale. In terms of absolute advantage, one country can introduce particular commodities at prices cheaper than those of another or products of a higher quality. This may move on it to pursue international trade.As for comparative advantage, the opportunity cost of one country A to produce a certain commodity at the expense of another is much lower than that of country B. comparative advantage is thus all about efficiency of one country as compared to another. The costs dispense withne in producing a product should be lower and income generated from the production line opted for ought to be higher hence making them economically viable. The returns should also be in surplus enough for the country to purchase the commodity it forgo to produce.In terms of economies of scale, some ventures are viable only if there is enough market to consume the output. Suc h markets can be created through exports of commodities hence maximizing advantages brought about due to economies of scale or large scale production. Apart from enabling countries to achieve economies of scale, international trade also facilitates countries to fully habituate their comparative and absolute advantages. However, economies of scale have also resulted in the downfall of some infant industries where protectionist policies are inexistent.In as much as many countries may engage in international trade, some succeed whilst others do not. Reasons for the downfall of others may be the restrictions that exist in world(prenominal) backup. These include emphasis that has been placed on efficiency of the production process. Another effect of such restrictions are collapse of internal industries where protectionism does not exist. However international trade itself brings about government interference with trade due to policies such as protectionism while it may result to crea tion of monopolistic markets and unfair competition in the long run.Arguments for International Trade restrictions Different assertions have been put forward for international trade to have restrictions. The high wage illusion argues that commodities produced by highly paid workers cannot compete with those produced by low paid ones. This does not hold since the crinkle does not distinguish between wage rates and labor costs and between labor costs and total costs. Wage rates may therefore be higher yet the total costs are lower due to economies of scale hence higher profits. Restrictions may also exist so as to save jobs domestically.However, just as chuck up the sponge trade results to growth in the economies of all countries enmeshed simultaneously so do trade restrictions result to reduced economic growth or even reversed economic growth. Restricting trade thus does not result in increased employment. Rather, there will be less spending in the economy. The infant industry argument posits that local growth industries ought to be given time to grow to a level at which they can compete with other industries. However, survival of an industry is not a factor of its growth in terms of production and sales. policy-making muscle plays a key role in determining the fate of an industry. The National defense argument tries to explain why countries opt to have suppliers of things that are essential for their own national survival lest the external supplier turn enemy. Examples of such commodities are ammunition. Last on the list of reasons for protectionism is the dumping argument which is however restricted given the uncertainties of determining production costs. Here economies of scale may come into play and a supplier selling his/her commodities at lower prices abroad may actually be mistaken for dumping.These restrictions to trade may come in the form of tariffs which are taxes on imports and aim to raise their prices. The restrictions may also be in the fo rm of import quotas which bring about uneven competition beside achieving the same clinical of raising import prices. CHAPTER 21 INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS OF WEALTH International wealth transfers may take the forms of either direct or indirect external investments or remittances from citizens whose domicile is abroad. Rich countries always tend to invest in fellow rich counties due to fear of not getting a return on their investment if done in a poor country.Political and economic stability, corruption levels, level of honesty amongst the countrys populace as well as movement of capital within a said countrys economy are factors affecting the decision of whether to or not to invest. International trade takes into account only goods exchanged between countries leaving behind service output. It is for this that International trade has to be at a balance despite the fact that measures used in international trade may not be true reflectors of the trade.An economy that has concentrated i n service production rather than goods will tend to export more services and import more commodities. The decision of whether a trade deficit is harmful or not is best done by comparing the deficit with the performance of the whole economy. As a result, the Balance of Payment measure is a better reflector of international trade than the Balance of Payments. Economic transactions are not zero-sum activities where only the buyer and the seller gain, rather it is a wealth creator to both the parties directly involved and to the spectators. Immigration and emigration which are key factors in international trade result to knowledge transfer, impudent ideas and businesses being created, job creation amongst others. However, on the dark side of the same are diseases, brain drain, increase in crime, collapsing economies and terrorism. Imperialism which implies the domination and exploitation of one country by another is also a means of wealth transfer. However, international investments ha ve been argued to be equal to imperial looting as the subject country loses more than it gains.This explains the class strata of first, second and trine world countries. Ceteris paribus, imperialism is more of a moral than an economic argument. Foreign aid, which entails wealth transfer from richer to poorer countries or from one government to another, may or may not be used for intended purposes. The use of opposed aid in government investments has more often than not resulted to mismanagement due to corruption. Some foreign aid comes with strings attached in the form of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). Such aid has proven to deter rather than encourage development.World over, the inexistence of a body to oversee the giving of aid to poorer countries has resulted to exploitation of the recipient. Aid may be in the form of cash grants or goods and services to the recipient country. However, the under-utilization of most of the resources in the recipient country is what leads it to have a need for foreign aid. CHAPTER 23 MYTHS ABOUT MARKETS The let on market in itself is a romance as a market is viewed as a thing rather than the people in the market themselves who are engaging in business activity. This has led to rigidity of the market.In a market, variation of prices from one seller to another is always notable. This, economists would say defy the laws of bring out and demand but in actual sense they do not. Rather, bring home the bacon and demand should be looked at from the point of view of different consumers. Each consumer will have a different of demand and supply curve intersections due to utility. Prices in the market ought to be affordable and reasonable is a notion that is not realistic. It implies that prices should be independent of the market forces of demand and supply as well as production cost but should instead favor the purchasing power of the consumer.The third myth about markets is that some firms may tend to sell their products at below normal prices so as to drive away competition. This myth has not been proven though hence is not that realistic. Fourth is the issue of branding. Despite its advantages of making suppliers and manufacturers to show on quality, the products being sold are more or less the same. What will actually be different is the pricing products or services with brand names that are widely known will definitely cost or charge more. A business, no matter how small is linked to the economy as a whole.Te role different enterprises play in the economy is a factor of whether they are classified as profit and loss or as non-profit making enterprises. However, there exist differences between the dickens in that profit and loss organizations will always tend to emphasize on quality in order to maximize profits whilst in non-profit making organizations, the customers themselves will not be in a position to emphasize on quality since they are already paying off the beaten track(predicate) less than the true value of the commodity or service they are getting.It is the nature of the organization that finally determines what name will be given to the extra amounts remaining after costs as well as how it will be used. In some its called profit whilst in others it is revenue. The Trickle down surmisal is more of a political than an economic theory. The theory posits that those opposed to equality in resource distribution tend to believe that resources should be bestowed on the rich so that it may in effect trickle down to the rest of the populace. The theory is a myth since economically one has to spend first so as to make an income.This spending comes in the form of say purchase of goods and services for sale as well as payments made for their delivery. The economic reality is thus exactly the opposite of the Trickle agglomerate effect. CHAPTER 24 NON-ECONOMIC VALUES Economics is not a value in itself. Rather it compares values. The market on its part is a reflector of th e peoples attitudes and actions as well as beliefs. The issue of the market with respect to moral and social values arises when the market is looked at from the angle of the impact it has on such issues.The societys moral standards will determine how transactions are conducted in the market. Non-economic values in the market tend to introduce morality into business by defining words such as greed alongside maximization of profit for example and others. These non-economic values however put aside economic concepts like the laws of demand and supply that are used in price determination. These non-economic values are also one-sided since they tend to lean on the consumers side mostly whilst forgoing the sellers side. However, greed cannot be termed to be a product of any particular economic system.Rather it is an tangled trait in all humanss and which all have to cope with. The difference however comes with regard to how this greed manifests itself in the different economic systems a nd how it is controlled. The term greed is however neither adequate or fair in explaining the desire of the seller to make as much profit as thinkable out of the buyer nor the wish of the buyer to purchase the product with the highest quality at the lowest price. voraciousness is thus a two way concept which only looks at who is on the gaining end.Exploitation is another term that crops up whenever non-market values are mentioned. It can simply be said to be that which is beyond the acceptable as per the societys moral standards. Exploitation is thus based on sense and not the facts existing on the real world. The disparity between greed and exploitation comes in that whilst the former occurs in almost all types of economic systems, exploitation mostly occurs in monopolistic markets where no free competition exists and the buyer has no wide choice of commodities given the factor of the sole supplier.To regulate the above, the government may put in place regulations such as trade barriers, tariffs and quotas as well as value added tax or corporate taxes. Taxation by the government may however be considered as both greed and exploitation. Greed since even the poorest of persons in the economy pays taxes whether in the form of VAT or income tax and exploitation as the government enjoys a monopoly of taxing the people yet one may argue that the quality of services is not guaranteed. The market however takes into consideration many factors earlier pricing decisions are made.At times the employer for instance may be at the receiving end when the employee has a greater bargaining power or where the demand for services he/she can render is higher than what the market can supply. Here, both greed and exploitation come into play. In as much as governments try to control or maintain at a low the levels of exploitation and greed, the measures put in place might actually serve to make even worse the life of the consumers in cases where exploitation and greed did not ex ist before.The principle of fairness when looked at from the non-market values point of view carries with it two assumptions. First is that all individuals are playing by the same rules and secondly that all players have the same potential. However, these two may not hold as different individuals have different desires, priorities and thus take in different levels of utility from the same activity, commodity or service. Fairness doe not have a specific definition hence it is majorly those in power who are left to define what is and what is not fair.However, vested interests may underlie the making of such decision. Some groups may also be completely ignored in deciding what fairness is. Economics being majorly concerned with the distribution of resources and values tends to critic unmet needs of the society. Here, the decision of whether a government should carry out a project or not is a function of what has to be sacrificed in order to satisfy the unmet need. However, the existen ce or identification of an unmet need is not a justification of it to be met. CHAPTER 25 PARTING THOUGHTSThe economic concepts and principles cannot all be listed given the imaginative nature of the human mind. However, in as much as new concepts and principles are being developed whilst former(a) ones continue to be refined and refuted, the bottom line should be that they all ought to divorce from emotions which vary from human being to human being. Rather there ought to be basic concepts and principles that are followed by both new and old economic ideas. The above fallacies ought to carry precision in the use of words as well as clarity in order to ensure their true or intended ideology is achieved.A common feature of most economic fallacies is that they focus on the initial consequences of particular policies and not the long term effects of the same. Confusion thus results as focus is placed not on the benefits or effects of policies but rather on the objectives of such polici es. The importance of economic principles supersedes their use in only economic factors. If keenly looked at, most things do have economic aspects in which economic principles ca be applied.Instead of focusing on the objectives of goals, of main concern should be the activities that will be pursued t achieve such goals, what the particular legislation or goal encourages and discourages, the regulations that will follow the attainment of the goal, the long term effects of activities aimed towards attaining the goal. Last but not least, we ought to look at similar goals that were attained in the past and the impact they had. In as much as economics carries many fallacies, a peculiarity should be made between what is practical and what is indeed a fallacy.

Perspectives on Free

Perspectives on Free-Speech Zones on College Campuses EssayNaturally, many negative connotations go into along with the term save- language zone. The wording alone automatically insinuates that free speech should not be allowed everywhere, which is hardly the true intention of the idea. Sometimes the right of free speech is taken advantage of such as in certain rallies and professs, where disruptive noise, violence, and destruction often occurs. Universities make prisoner a responsibility to their students of providing a reasonably unspoilt and undisruptive environment to learn and excel in.Universities be not creating free-speech zones to limit free speech, but rather to maintain a secure atmosphere that is conducive to constriction and higher learning. Universities should be able to maintain a certain level of safety on campus in whatever way they choose. The University reserves the right to relocate or cancel the activity due to prisonbreak from excessive noise level s, traffic entanglement, or if the safety of individuals is in question (West Virginia Universitys Student vade mecum 91).They are not undermining the right of free speech that we as Americans legally hold, but are creating an reserve means for demonstrators to voice their whims without causing unnecessary disruption and chaos in inappropriate places on campus. An resultant I do have with this idea of a free-speech zone is that there isnt a exposed definition of when or where these zones should be used. Who is to say whether or not the voicing of a certain opinion or idea requires the use of a free-speech zone? If what constitutes the use of a free-speech zone was better delineate then the use of such zones could be more affective and appropriate.As stated by Robert J. Scott, protest zones have been used at many political conventions and other major events. Protest zones can be reasonable restrictions that allow free-speech rights to be expressed while decreasing safety concer ns and preventing undue disruption (Scott 92). With the account of violence and destruction that is associated with protests, it is only natural that certain precautions be taken to prevent such problems. It is overly vague to say the free expression of views or opinions may not disrupt the normal process of the university, as stated in the West Virginia Universitys student handbook.Who decides what the normal function truly is, or when it is being disrupted? If a university decides to establish the use of free-speech zones then they should be able to provide a clear and concise description of when, and for what purpose, these zones should be used. One of a universities top priorities is to make their campus as safe and secure as possible, and if free-speech zones or protest zones are what they feel are necessary to maintain that protective cover then they should be able to enforce them.The problem really comes down to whether or not these zones are used appropriately. If used e xtensively, and at levels that are unnecessary for the safety of students, then human rights issues could easily come into play. But if used in a smart way, such as for larger demonstrations of freedom of speech, standardised protests and rallies, then they could be helpful in preventing destruction and/or distraction on university campuses. Requiring those expressing dissent to pursue the law while doing so does not constitute repression (Scott 92).

History, The Bourgeoisie, The Proletariat, and Communism Essay Example for Free

History, The Bourgeoisie, The Proletariat, and collectivism EssayKarl Marx begins the outgrowth chapter of his The commie Manifesto with the initiation line The account statement of whole hitherto existing societies is the history of class grapples (ch. 1). Underlying whole of history is this fundamental economic theme, that each berthnership has its own economic structure which breeds different classesa obscure gradation of social rank, he calls it (ch. 1). These classes inevitably acquires in conflict with each otherthat because of their economic structure, nigh class becomes the oppressors while others become the oppressed. He argued that the oppressors and oppressed stood in constant opposition to one some other on an uninterrupted fight that each time ended, either in a basal re-constitution of cabaret at large, or in the car park ruin of the contending classes (ch. 1). He described his time as a battle between two classes the Bourgeoisie and the Ploretariat . Marx claims that the modern bourgeois society of his time has not helped to remove, although call for simplified, clash antagonisms, notwithstanding had, instead, established new classes, new conditions of oppression, and new forms of struggle in place of the sure-enough(a) ones (ch.1). He saw the bourgeoisie as a product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange, and that each step of its development was accompanied by a check political advance (ch. 1). He claims that the executive of the modern State is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie, that it cannot exist without constantly revolutionising the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society (ch.1). He said that it has torn the feudal ties that bound men to his natural superiors, and has left no other connexion between man and man than naked self- come to (ch. 1). He goes on to explain that the bourgeoisie draws all nation into civilization with all the rapid improvements of production and by the immensely facilitated means of communication. However, he claims that they require a world after its own image, that is, for all nations to adopt the bourgeois mode of production.The bougeiosie, according to Marx, has created terrible cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural, and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life but that it has also intemperate property in a few hands (ch. 1). He argued that for many a decade past the history of industry and handicraft is but the history of the revolt of modern productive forces against modern conditions of production, against the property relations that are the conditions for the world of the bourgeoisie and of its rule (ch.1). At the end, he states that its existence is no longer compatible with society and is indisp ose to be the ruling class of society since it is incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his thraldom (ch. 1). The proletarians, on the other hand, are, during Marxs time, the modern working classa class of parturiencyers, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so long as their confinement increases capital (Marx ch. 1).Marx claims that the proletarians lost its individual character and charm because of the extensive use of machinery and of the division of labour. They have become an appendage of the machines. He said that lobourers are commodities which are expensive to use but are used by the bougeoisie. Marx explains that the proletariat began its struggle as soon as this class was created, at first as an induvidual struggle of the laborer, and later groups of workers.Workers before were still disorganized, divided by goegraphy and by competition with one another. Marx claims that when workers first formed unions, they did so under th e influence of the bourgeois and served to further the objectives of the bourgeoisie. The distinction between workers was obliterated ascribable to the wages being reduced to low level. As the proletariat increased in numbers and concentrated in greater mass by forming Trade Unions, they also increased in strenght and local struggles were modify into one national struggle between classes.Marx further explains that the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class, that other classes are conservatives or reactionary that fight against the bourgeoisie in order to save from defunctness their existence as fractions of the middle class (ch. 1). Because proletarians have nothing of their own to secure, Marx claims that their mission is to destroy all previous securities for, and insurances of, individual property (ch. 1). The proletarian movement, Marx further explains, is the self-concious, independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest of the immense majority (ch.1 ). Marx explains that the Communist Party points out and addresses the common interests of the entire proletariat, in their national struggles in different countries, independent of nationality, and represents the interests of the working class in the various stages of development it has to pass through from the struggle against the bourgeoisie. The Communist Party, therefore, still according to Marx, is the most advanced, resolute section of the working-class of every country, that section which pushes advancing all others (ch.2). It has the same aim as that of all the other proletarian parties, which is to overthrow the bourgeois triumph and to seek its own political power. Marx goes on to explain that the abolition of existing property relations is not a distinctive feature of fabianism, that the feature of Communism is not the abolition of property in general, but the abolition of the bourgeois property, which is, according to him, the final and most complete expression of th e system of producing and appropriating products (Marx ch.2). Simply put, Marx states that Communism is a struggle that aims for the abolition of private property. Communism would like to abolish the conception that the labourer just now lives to increase capital, and is allowed only to live insofar as the interest of the ruling class requires it that labour is meant to widen, enrich and promote the existence of the labourer is what the Communism is fighting for. Communism is, in a way, a struggle of the lower strata of the society against the upper strata.However, it is not a personal struggle of the poor against the rich, it is a societal and political struggle for equality of appropriation of property. Marx explains that Communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the products of society all that it does is to deprive him of the power to subjugate the labour of others by means of such appropriation (ch. 2). With its teachings and goals, labour groups and lower working class would have lay out The Communist Manifesto appealing.The Capitalists, of course, would not have found it appealing, as the manifesto seeks to destroy their current stature and their self-interest would be compromized. On the other hand, Communism would seek to empower labour groups and they would find it all to their advantage to support its cause. The Industrial Revolution has created a majority lower class workers, many of whom lived in poverty under terrible working conditions. The Communist Manifesto calls on all labourers to unite, promising them a founder life sprouting from a better world.